Introduction¶
Data about bails sourced from the city of Philadelphia. This is a data set that includes information about what bails were set and for what crime over the entire city of Philadelphia from 2014 to 2022. Data about daily weather in Philadelphia (specifically measured at the Philadelphia Airport) sourced from National Centers for Environmental Information. The formal documentation lists out what each column in the weather dataset means, so I'll leave the column names as they are to not stray from the documentation.
In [1]:
import pandas as pd
import seaborn as sns
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
bails = pd.read_csv('bail_data_daily_citywide.txt')
weather = pd.read_csv('daily_weather_data.csv')
/var/folders/gc/0752xrm56pnf0r0dsrn5370c0000gr/T/ipykernel_99733/915514795.py:1: DeprecationWarning:
Pyarrow will become a required dependency of pandas in the next major release of pandas (pandas 3.0),
(to allow more performant data types, such as the Arrow string type, and better interoperability with other libraries)
but was not found to be installed on your system.
If this would cause problems for you,
please provide us feedback at https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas/issues/54466
import pandas as pd
Preprocessing¶
the preprocessing is relatively straight forward. There are no missing values for bails, and for weather I just want to remove the annoying and useless 'station' and 'name' columns.
In [2]:
weather = weather.drop(columns=["STATION","NAME"])
bails.head(5)
Out[2]:
| date_value | bail_category | Aggravated Assault | Altered Firearm Serial Number | Arson | Attempted Murder | Auto Theft | Burglary/Commercial | Burglary/Residential | Carjacking | ... | Sexual Assault and Other Sex Offenses | Simple Assault | Strangulation | Theft | Theft from Auto | Threats of Violence | Trespass | Uncategorized Offenses | Victim/Witness Intimidation & Retaliation | Violation of Protection Order | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 2014-01-01 | Total | 18 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 0 | ... | 1 | 8 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 2 |
| 1 | 2014-01-01 | No bail (ROR) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| 2 | 2014-01-01 | Unsecured (SOB) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 3 | 2014-01-01 | $1-$10k | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 0 | ... | 1 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 4 | 2014-01-01 | $10k-$25k | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
5 rows × 46 columns
As you can see in the first few lines above (in the bails dataframe), there's annoying daily total. For an analysis that wants to look at the interraction between infraction type and bail category this total column gets in the way. I'll save the totals to its own dataframe.
it is also of interest to have each row store the paired weather information, so I'll go ahead and merge the data sets.
In [3]:
totals = bails[bails['bail_category'] == 'Total']
bails = bails[bails['bail_category'] != 'Total']
bails = bails.merge(weather, left_on='date_value', right_on='DATE', how='left')
bails.drop(columns='DATE', inplace=True)
bails.head(10)
Out[3]:
| date_value | bail_category | Aggravated Assault | Altered Firearm Serial Number | Arson | Attempted Murder | Auto Theft | Burglary/Commercial | Burglary/Residential | Carjacking | ... | WSF2 | WSF5 | WT01 | WT02 | WT03 | WT04 | WT05 | WT06 | WT08 | WT09 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 2014-01-01 | No bail (ROR) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ... | 13.0 | 16.1 | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN |
| 1 | 2014-01-01 | Unsecured (SOB) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ... | 13.0 | 16.1 | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN |
| 2 | 2014-01-01 | $1-$10k | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 0 | ... | 13.0 | 16.1 | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN |
| 3 | 2014-01-01 | $10k-$25k | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ... | 13.0 | 16.1 | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN |
| 4 | 2014-01-01 | $25k-$100k | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ... | 13.0 | 16.1 | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN |
| 5 | 2014-01-01 | $100k+ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ... | 13.0 | 16.1 | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN |
| 6 | 2014-01-01 | Held Without Bail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ... | 13.0 | 16.1 | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN |
| 7 | 2014-01-01 | Unknown bail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ... | 13.0 | 16.1 | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN |
| 8 | 2014-01-02 | No bail (ROR) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ... | 19.9 | 25.9 | 1.0 | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN |
| 9 | 2014-01-02 | Unsecured (SOB) | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ... | 19.9 | 25.9 | 1.0 | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN |
10 rows × 68 columns
In [4]:
def is_outlier(x):
Q25, Q75 = x.quantile([.25,.75])
I = Q75 - Q25
return (x < Q25 - 1.5*I) | (x > Q75 + 1.5*I)
# list of all the quantitative columns
columns = ['Aggravated Assault', 'Altered Firearm Serial Number', 'Arson',
'Attempted Murder', 'Auto Theft', 'Burglary/Commercial',
'Burglary/Residential', 'Carjacking', 'Criminal Mischief',
'Disorderly Conduct', 'Drug Possession', 'Drug Possession in Jails',
'Drug Sales', 'Drug Sales with a Firearm', 'DUI', 'Ethnic Intimidation',
'Firearm Possession by a Prohibited Person',
'Firearm Possession without a License', 'Fraud', 'Homicide: Other',
'Homicide: Shooting', 'Illegal Dumping/Littering', 'Non-Fatal Shooting',
'Other Assaults', 'Other Firearm Offenses', 'Other Property Crimes',
'Other Violent Crimes', 'Patronizing Prostitutes/Sex Workers',
'Promoting Prostitution', 'Prostitution/Sex Work', 'Rape',
'Retail Theft', 'Robbery', 'Robbery with a Deadly Weapon',
'Sexual Assault and Other Sex Offenses', 'Simple Assault',
'Strangulation', 'Theft', 'Theft from Auto', 'Threats of Violence',
'Trespass', 'Uncategorized Offenses',
'Victim/Witness Intimidation & Retaliation',
'Violation of Protection Order', 'AWND', 'PGTM', 'PRCP', 'PSUN', 'SNOW',
'SNWD', 'TAVG', 'TMAX', 'TMIN', 'TSUN', 'WDF2', 'WDF5', 'WSF2', 'WSF5']
for column in columns:
numOutliers = bails[column].transform(is_outlier).sum()
print(column + " has " + str(numOutliers) + " outliers")
Aggravated Assault has 906 outliers Altered Firearm Serial Number has 686 outliers Arson has 464 outliers Attempted Murder has 973 outliers Auto Theft has 4540 outliers Burglary/Commercial has 1548 outliers Burglary/Residential has 4608 outliers Carjacking has 862 outliers Criminal Mischief has 1628 outliers Disorderly Conduct has 596 outliers Drug Possession has 4001 outliers Drug Possession in Jails has 382 outliers Drug Sales has 1883 outliers Drug Sales with a Firearm has 2270 outliers DUI has 3221 outliers Ethnic Intimidation has 92 outliers Firearm Possession by a Prohibited Person has 3182 outliers Firearm Possession without a License has 4270 outliers Fraud has 2147 outliers Homicide: Other has 643 outliers Homicide: Shooting has 620 outliers Illegal Dumping/Littering has 61 outliers Non-Fatal Shooting has 1371 outliers Other Assaults has 491 outliers Other Firearm Offenses has 197 outliers Other Property Crimes has 322 outliers Other Violent Crimes has 4801 outliers Patronizing Prostitutes/Sex Workers has 479 outliers Promoting Prostitution has 54 outliers Prostitution/Sex Work has 1644 outliers Rape has 1647 outliers Retail Theft has 4368 outliers Robbery has 3570 outliers Robbery with a Deadly Weapon has 3143 outliers Sexual Assault and Other Sex Offenses has 1570 outliers Simple Assault has 5823 outliers Strangulation has 1508 outliers Theft has 1421 outliers Theft from Auto has 838 outliers Threats of Violence has 3155 outliers Trespass has 2407 outliers Uncategorized Offenses has 1207 outliers Victim/Witness Intimidation & Retaliation has 614 outliers Violation of Protection Order has 4120 outliers AWND has 704 outliers PGTM has 0 outliers PRCP has 4336 outliers PSUN has 0 outliers SNOW has 856 outliers SNWD has 976 outliers TAVG has 0 outliers TMAX has 0 outliers TMIN has 0 outliers TSUN has 0 outliers WDF2 has 0 outliers WDF5 has 0 outliers WSF2 has 888 outliers WSF5 has 672 outliers
It's a little $\textit{weird}$ that there's so many outliers for some of these columns. I'll look closely at some of these columns later in the analysis to try and 'sus' out why.
Summary Data Analysis¶
In [5]:
bails.describe()
Out[5]:
| Aggravated Assault | Altered Firearm Serial Number | Arson | Attempted Murder | Auto Theft | Burglary/Commercial | Burglary/Residential | Carjacking | Criminal Mischief | Disorderly Conduct | ... | WSF2 | WSF5 | WT01 | WT02 | WT03 | WT04 | WT05 | WT06 | WT08 | WT09 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| count | 24256.00000 | 24256.000000 | 24256.000000 | 24256.000000 | 24256.000000 | 24256.000000 | 24256.000000 | 24256.000000 | 24256.000000 | 24256.000000 | ... | 24256.000000 | 24232.000000 | 8368.0 | 648.0 | 1960.0 | 336.0 | 24.0 | 240.0 | 2288.0 | 56.0 |
| mean | 1.11828 | 0.030467 | 0.021067 | 0.063489 | 0.313118 | 0.128298 | 0.314273 | 0.046751 | 0.091441 | 0.027869 | ... | 19.786972 | 26.192176 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| std | 1.86092 | 0.185263 | 0.158876 | 0.552807 | 0.885227 | 1.310137 | 0.908679 | 0.282156 | 0.451443 | 0.189517 | ... | 6.645629 | 8.291755 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| min | 0.00000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | ... | 6.000000 | 8.100000 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 25% | 0.00000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | ... | 15.000000 | 19.900000 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 50% | 0.00000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | ... | 18.100000 | 25.100000 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 75% | 2.00000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | ... | 23.000000 | 30.000000 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| max | 20.00000 | 4.000000 | 4.000000 | 63.000000 | 40.000000 | 99.000000 | 48.000000 | 11.000000 | 28.000000 | 5.000000 | ... | 55.000000 | 72.000000 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
8 rows × 66 columns
The describe() gives us a little more information to work with about the nature of the outliers. Something like auto theft has 4500 outliers, a significant amount of the samples, which might raise some eyebrows, but this is reasonable since for auto theft the 75% percentile is 0 (on a majority of days, there are no bails posted for auto theft)
to visualize all these (nearly 60) columns I'll split everything up into 6 rows and plot them with an ultra-ultra wide aspect ratio.
In [6]:
sns.catplot(data=bails[columns[:11]], kind="box", height=8, aspect=3)
sns.catplot(data=bails[columns[11:22]], kind="box", height=8, aspect=3)
sns.catplot(data=bails[columns[22:33]], kind="box", height=8, aspect=3)
sns.catplot(data=bails[columns[33:40]], kind="box", height=8, aspect=3)
sns.catplot(data=bails[columns[40:-8]], kind="box", height=8, aspect=3)
sns.catplot(data=bails[columns[-8:]], kind="box", height=8, aspect=3)
/Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float)
/Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float)
/Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float)
/Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float)
/Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float)
/Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_base.py:949: FutureWarning: When grouping with a length-1 list-like, you will need to pass a length-1 tuple to get_group in a future version of pandas. Pass `(name,)` instead of `name` to silence this warning. data_subset = grouped_data.get_group(pd_key) /Users/driscoll/mambaforge/envs/219/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/categorical.py:640: FutureWarning: SeriesGroupBy.grouper is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of pandas. positions = grouped.grouper.result_index.to_numpy(dtype=float)
Out[6]:
<seaborn.axisgrid.FacetGrid at 0x125a852d0>
In [7]:
sns.displot(bails['bail_category'], height = 8, aspect = 2)
Out[7]:
<seaborn.axisgrid.FacetGrid at 0x126136550>
While the graph above is pretty boring, it would make sense that every day has each category reported. This deeply boring graph is both reassuring that the dataset has no NaN, but also raises questions about whether the missing values are just filled with 0s by the city.
Looking at correlations, I want to see if Burglary/Commercial relates to Burglary/Residential, Drug Possession to Drug Possession in Jails, and if Drug Sales correlates to DUI. I'll start off this $\textit{expose}$ by visualizing these relations.
In [8]:
sns.relplot(data=bails, x='Burglary/Commercial', y='Burglary/Residential')
sns.relplot(data=bails, x='Drug Possession', y='Drug Possession in Jails')
sns.relplot(data=bails, x='Drug Sales', y='DUI')
Out[8]:
<seaborn.axisgrid.FacetGrid at 0x125e7b8d0>
And I'll also print out the numerical values for the correlations in both their pearson and spearman beauty.
In [9]:
print(bails[['Burglary/Commercial', 'Burglary/Residential']].corr())
print(bails[['Drug Possession', 'Drug Possession in Jails']].corr())
print(bails[['Drug Sales', 'DUI']].corr())
Burglary/Commercial Burglary/Residential
Burglary/Commercial 1.000000 0.072795
Burglary/Residential 0.072795 1.000000
Drug Possession Drug Possession in Jails
Drug Possession 1.00000 0.06956
Drug Possession in Jails 0.06956 1.00000
Drug Sales DUI
Drug Sales 1.000000 0.165854
DUI 0.165854 1.000000
In [10]:
print(bails[['Burglary/Commercial', 'Burglary/Residential']].corr("spearman"))
print(bails[['Drug Possession', 'Drug Possession in Jails']].corr('spearman'))
print(bails[['Drug Sales', 'DUI']].corr('spearman'))
Burglary/Commercial Burglary/Residential
Burglary/Commercial 1.000000 0.203521
Burglary/Residential 0.203521 1.000000
Drug Possession Drug Possession in Jails
Drug Possession 1.000000 0.097723
Drug Possession in Jails 0.097723 1.000000
Drug Sales DUI
Drug Sales 1.000000 0.261287
DUI 0.261287 1.000000
Just to make this even more visual, I'll pull out the columns of interest and make a heatmap and be sure to set the color scheme to 'coolwarm'
In [11]:
columns = ['Burglary/Commercial', 'Burglary/Residential', 'Drug Possession', 'Drug Possession in Jails', 'Drug Sales', 'DUI']
C = bails[columns].corr()
sns.heatmap(C, annot=True, cmap="coolwarm")
Out[11]:
<Axes: >
It makes sense that the drug posession would correlate with the DUI (and this is a pretty decent correlation of 0.6) since a person being charger for a DUI could very well also be charged with Drug Posession
Discussion¶
Can data about the max temperature on a day, the max 2 minute wind speed, percent of possible sunshine, and snowfall predict what proportion of aggrivated assault bails will be in the 1-10k category? (ie. does bad weather correlate to judges setting higher or lower bails?)
Can the time of year and number of bails posted for Drug Possession, DUI, and Drug Sales with a Firearm predict the number of bails posted for Drug Sales?